| 摘要: |
| 海上风电单桩基础在复杂海洋动力环境下的局部冲刷问题，是影响风电场全寿命期安全运行的重要因素。本文围绕海上风电基础冲刷机理、防护与监测研究进展开展综述。在冲刷机理方面，从海床整体冲淤演化、桩周涡流结构、波流耦合与渗流影响、冲刷?结构耦合效应及波浪作用下的冲刷特性等角度进行系统梳理，揭示了马蹄涡与尾涡的主导作用以及波致渗流力对细颗粒泥沙起动的重要影响。在冲刷深度预测方面，归纳了经验公式、数值模拟与数据驱动方法的适用性与局限性，并提出多层级预测体系。在冲刷防护方面，对比分析了抛石防护、固化土防护及扰流减冲等典型措施的作用机理、失效模式与生态影响，指出防护设计需统筹结构安全、环境兼容与经济可行性。在冲刷监测方面，综述了基于结构动力响应、声学三维重建、视觉立体成像、光纤传感及数据驱动检测的最新进展，强调多源信息融合与数字孪生是未来发展方向。最后，讨论了冲刷机理中的尺度效应与多场耦合、物理信息融合预测、防护技术优化以及监测集成化与智能化等关键问题，并对未来研究方向进行了展望。 |
| 关键词: 海上风电 单桩基础 冲刷机理 冲刷防护 冲刷监测 |
| DOI： |
| 分类号:TV148.1??????????? |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目（52479066），华能集团科技项目“HNKJ23-H18海上风电场基础冲刷防护治理理论、措施及工程应用研究” |
|
| A Review of Scour Mechanisms, Protection and Monitoring for Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations |
|
Hu Hao,WANG Yanhong,JU wenqian
|
|
Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute
|
| Abstract: |
| This review targets the deficiency that domestic full-chain systematic summaries on monopile scour are scarce and most existing papers only focus on single research field. Based on collected domestic and overseas, the paper adopts classified comparative analysis to sort out research advances from mechanism, prediction, protection and monitoring four modules, and summarizes core research findings and existing technical defects. In terms of scour mechanism, it is verified that horseshoe vortex and wake vortex jointly dominate bed shear stress concentration, and wave-induced seepage force remarkably promotes fine sediment incipient motion under silty seabed. Obvious discrepancy exists in scour evolution under pure wave and combined wave due to pore water pressure variation. For prediction methods, empirical formulas feature easy calculation yet poor adaptability in complicated coastal conditions; CFD and CFD-DEM can reveal microscopic sediment motion but suffer high computation cost; physics-informed machine learning remedies black-box drawback while lacking enough field validation. Four kinds of anti-scour measures are systematically compared: riprap is mature but prone to peripheral secondary scour; solidified soil can repair scour pits yet degraded by seawater erosion; flow-disturbing devices perform well under fixed inflow direction; bionic vegetation has eco advantage with uncertain long-term anti-abrasion performance. Five monitoring technologies have respective pros and cons: vibration monitoring runs continuously but disturbed by unit vibration; acoustic measurement gains accurate scour volume data without real-time warning; optical monitoring is limited by turbid water; embedded smart particles suit local early warning with small coverage. Multi-source fusion and digital twin become the optimal development path. Local scour around monopile foundations of offshore wind turbines under complex marine hydrodynamic conditions is a critical factor affecting the safety of wind farms throughout their service life. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent research progress on scour mechanism, protection, and monitoring for offshore wind turbine foundations. In terms of scour mechanisms, the review systematically covers large?scale seabed morphological evolution, vortex structures around piles, wave?current coupling with seepage effects, scour?structure interaction, and wave?induced scour characteristics. It highlights the dominant roles of horseshoe vortices and wake vortices, as well as the significant influence of wave?induced seepage forces on the initiation of fine sediment transport. For scour depth prediction, the applicability and limitations of empirical formulas, numerical simulations and data?driven approaches are summarized, and a multi?level prediction framework is proposed. Regarding scour protection, the mechanisms, advantages and failure modes of rock armour, solidified soil, and flow-altering countermeasures are compared, emphasizing that protection design should balance structural safety, environmental compatibility and economic feasibility. In terms of monitoring, recent advances in structural dynamic response, acoustic 3D reconstruction, underwater stereo vision, fiber optic sensing and smart particle sensing are reviewed, with a focus on multi-source information fusion and digital twins. Finally, key scientific issues including scale effect and multi-field coupling, physics-informed prediction, protection optimization and intelligent monitoring are discussed, and future research directions are put forward. Four core research bottlenecks are concluded: cross-scale coupling is unclear; prediction models lack extrapolation capacity; protective long-term degradation law is unknown; integrated monitoring is immature. Corresponding future research priorities are proposed accordingly. |
| Key words: Offshore Wind Power Monopile Foundation Scour Mechanism Scour Protection Scour Monitoring |
